June 18th, 2008 Some buddhist words translation

Reading some english buddhist book. English buddhist terms are so precise in definition, that looks like scientific descriptions, much different to their Chinese counterpart.  Chinese words are indeed ambiguous, but it is also interesting to be ambiguous too!
It is so difficult, because buddhist teachings consists of so many branches in different languages: pali 巴利語(一種古印度語), sanskrit 梵文(另一種古印度語), , chinese, japanese, tibetan, … that is impossible to know all

Is there a glossary that contains these terms side-by-side?  Here are some good ones:
http://www.buddhistdoor.com/glossary/index.php
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_terms_and_concepts
http://www.carrakin.co.uk/skc/faxian/gloss1.html

Here I tried to copy and compile a glossary, always under construction.  Thanks for friends who pointed out some mistakes and suggested some more words.

four noble truths 四聖諦:
1. dukkha (suffering/dissatisfaction) 苦
2. samudaya (attachment/desire/origins of suffering) 集
3. nirodha (elimination of attachment/cessation of the origins of the suffering) 滅
4. magga (the path that leads out of suffering/the path leading to the cessation of the suffering) 道

noble eightfold path 八正道
1. right view 正見
2. right thought 正思惟
3. right speech 正語
4. right action 正業
5. right living 正命
6. right effort 正精進
7. right mindfulness 正念
8. right concentration 正定

panca skandha (the five constituent elements) 五蘊 / 五陰
1. rupa (form) 色
2. vedana (sensation) 受
3. sanna / samjna (cognition) 想
4. sankhara / samskara (mental formations) 行
5. vinnana / vijnana (consciousness) 識

pratitya-samutpada (dependent origin / dependent-arising)  緣起 / 十二因緣
1. avidya (ignorance / delusion) 無明
2. samskara (mental formation) 行
3. vijnana (consciousness) 識
4. namarupa (name and form) 名色
5. sadayatana (sense gates) 六入 / 六處
6. sparsa (contact) 觸
7. vedana (feeling) 受
8. tanha (craving) 愛
9. upadana (clinging) 取
10. bhava (becoming, being, existing) 有
11. jati (birth) 生
12. jaramarana (aging and death) 老死

refuge / take refuge in the Three Jewels 歸依三寶
1. buddha (the enlightened /awakened one) 佛
2. dhamma/dharma (the teaching / doctrines / principle) 法
3. sangha (the community / monks) 僧

klesa (three poisons / three fires / causes of negative karma) 三毒
1. tanha (greed / selfish desire / aggression) 貪 (=愛?!)
2. dvesa (hatred / anger) 嗔
3. avidya (ignorance / delusion) 痴 (=無明?!)

trailokya (three regions of the world) 三界
1. kamaloka (world of desires) 欲界
2. rupaloka (world of form) 色界
3. arupaloka (world without form or desire) 無色界

trikaya (three bodies of buddha) 三身 (sounds a bit like trinity 三位一體!)
1. dharma-kaya (created body) 法身
2. sambhoga-kaya (body of mutual enjoyment) 報身
3. nirmana-kaya (reality body) 應身 / 化身

tripitaka (three baskets) 三藏
1. Vinaya Pitaka 律藏
2. Sutra Pitaka 經藏
3. Abhidhamma Pitaka 論藏

paramita (reaching the other shore) 波羅蜜/波羅蜜多/彼岸

六度波羅蜜:
1. 布施波羅蜜
2. 持戒波羅蜜
3. 忍辱波羅蜜
4. 精進波羅蜜
5. 禪定波羅蜜
6. 般若波羅蜜

happiness 樂
pleasure 享樂? 享受? (while pleasure seems a temporary fulfillment of desire, it is quite different from happiness, which is calm and long term)
insight 見, 觀照, 智慧
panna / prajna (wisdom / insight) 智慧 / 般若

pannaparamita (perfection of wisdom) 般若波羅蜜
bodhi / satori [jp] (awakening / enlightenment) 菩提 / 悟
bodhicitta 菩提心
bodhisattva 菩薩
Tathagata 如來
koan [jp] / gongan 公案
mondo [jp] 問答
cause, source 因
effect, consequence, result 果
shunyata (emptiness) 空
pointing-out instruction 直指人心? 灌頂?
interrelatedness / interconnection 互為因果? 互倚互持?
[superficial] phenomena / apperance 表象, 相
mind 思, 想, 識
thought / mind 念
alayavijnana (store consciousness) 阿賴耶識
sutra / kyo [jp] 經
exist 在
self 我
anatta (selflessness) 無我
self-knowledge 我見? 我識?
oneness 大一?

difference 差異, 比較
realization
samandhi (concentration of mind) 定
calm
illusion 幻相, 夢幻泡影
empathy ?
ultimate love 慈悲?
sympathy 慈悲? 憐憫?
permanence 常
anicca (impermanence) 無常
bhavana (mental development / meditation)
jhana (state of mental absoprtion or trace)
vipassana (introspection, analytical/insight meditation) 觀, 內觀
focusing / calm abiding meditation
personal development 修行(as a noun)?
practice 修行(as an action)
lust 慾, 色, 痴, 貪?
foundation, root 根, 本, 本性
sense 受, 感
reality 真, 本相
truth 真, 道
sacca (truth, truthfulness) 真
discipline 持, 守, 戒
sila (morals, morality, ethics) 尸羅, 戒
exposing 露
perception 識?
scenario 境
contribution 施
restlessness 無住
fear 恐怖, 畏懼
tense
compassion 慈悲心?
destruction 滅, 毁
judgment
jealousy 妒
actions 為, 作, 行
tolerance 忍
destructive / counterproductive / afflictive emotion 慾? 毒? 心? 無明? 昧?
misapprehension
nature 本性 / 本相
inherent existence 本在?
independent 獨立自存?
endless movement 常動?
false imagination 幻想
encounter 遇, 機
presence 在
cyclic existence 輪迴
samsara (reincarnation) 輪迴轉世
punarbhava (rebirth) 轉世 / 再世
mantra 咒
metta (loving kindness) 慈
middle way 中道
mandala 曼陀羅
Avalokiteśvara 觀世音菩薩
Amitabh 阿彌陀佛
awareness 覺, 察
moksha (liberation) 釋, 解脫
maitreya (Buddha of the future epoch) 彌勒佛
Siddhartha Gautama 釋迦牟尼
tathagatagarbha (buddha nature / innate Buddha essence) 佛性
dana (generosity / giving) 布施
samanera 沙彌
upaya (expedient thought) 方便
arahant 阿羅漢
gahapati (householder / layperson) 居士
bhikkhu / bhikshu (monk) 比丘
bhikkhuni/bhikshuni (nun) 尼
osho [jp] / monk 和尚 / 僧
teacher / mentor / guru / roshi [jp] / sensei [jp] 師
bija (seed) 種
focus
distraction
clarity 淨
flexible 活
remedy
laxity
excitement

dhyana / jhana
zen [jp] 禪
karma 業, 因果報應
kensho [jp] 見性
nirvana 涅槃
namo (exclamation of devotion) 南無
nekkhamma (renunciation) 出世 / 出家
六字真言

唵咪呢叭咩吽
adhitthana (determination) 決心
ahimsa (non-violence) 不害
bardo (intermediate state) 中陰
pure land buddhism 凈土宗
hinayana 小乘
mahayana 大乘
vajrayana 金剛乘
rinpoche 仁波切
lama 喇嘛
rinzai [jp] 臨濟宗
soto [jp] 曹洞宗
tendai [jp] 天台宗
(to be continued)